I found some graphs on Wikipedia’s Dominating Set article that illustrate this difference. These examples show dominating sets (in red) that aren’t vertex covers, the opposite of what you asked later on in your question. The edges in (V-D) prevent them from being vertex covers.
To answer this question, you first need to understand which NP-hard problems are also NP-complete. If an NP-hard problem belongs to set NP, then it is NP-complete. To belong to set NP, a problem needs to be (i) a decision problem, (ii) the number of solutions to the problem should be finite and each solution … Read more
Reactive Programming is a form of Dataflow programming only. But its also a paradigm which is oriented around propagation of changes along with data flows Like a example given on Wiki Page a:=b+c would mean that a is being assigned the result of b + c, in the instant the expression is evaluated, and later, … Read more
Cook’s Theorem The class NP can be defined as the class of problems decidable by a nondeterministic Turing machine in polynomial time. This theorem shows that SAT is NP-complete by encoding the operation of any nondeterministic Turing machine by a boolean formula, in such a way that the machine accepts if and only if that … Read more
Repeated addition would be a very inefficient way to multiply numbers, imagine multiplying 1298654825 by 85324154. Much quicker to just use long multiplication using binary. 1100100 0110111 ======= 0000000 -1100100 –1100100 —0000000 —-1100100 —–1100100 ——1100100 ============== 1010101111100 For floating point numbers scientific notation is used. 100 is 1 * 10^2 (10 to the power of … Read more
Biggest two omissions I see: The Dragon Book Computer Networks For operating systems I prefer the Tanenbaum instead of the Silberschatz but both are good: Operating Systems And about the order, that would depend on your interests. There aren’t many prerequisites, automata for compilers is the most obvious one. First read the automata book and … Read more
Constant time effectively means you can give a constant upper bound to how long the program will take to run which isn’t affected by any of the input parameters. Compare that with, say, linear time (for some input n – which will often actually be the size of the input data rather than a direct … Read more
My understanding is this: A computer program is a set of instructions that can be executed on a computer. An application is software that directly helps a user perform tasks. The two intersect, but are not synonymous. A program with a user-interface is an application, but many programs are not applications.
You could think of a heuristic like an approximate (not approximation) solution to a problem. The difference between approximate and approximation is that the first is about getting a good guess of the solution of a problem, but that you don’t really know how good it is. The second is about getting a solution for … Read more
Doing something programatically generally means that you can do it using source code, rather than via direct user interaction or a macro. For example, consider the problem of resizing columns to fit in Excel. You could do it manually by double clicking between the columns, but that requires user interaction. You could use the excel … Read more