Yes, the selector property of the @Component decorator is a CSS selector (or a subset of):

selector: '.cool-button:not(a)'

Specifies a CSS selector that identifies this directive within a template.
Supported selectors include element, [attribute], .class, and :not().
Does not support parent-child relationship selectors.

_{Source: Angular Cheat Sheet / Directive Configuration, which @Component inherits.}

That way you can use [name-of-the-attribute] (namely, the CSS attribute selector), such as:

@Component({
    selector: "[other-attr]",
    ...
})
export class OtherAttrComponent {

Se demo plunker here.

The usual way is the CSS type (AKA element or tag) selector:

@Component({
    selector: "some-tag",
    ...
})

And it matches a tag with name some-tag.

You can even have a component that matches both a tag or an attribute:

@Component({
    selector: "other-both,[other-both]",
    template: `this is other-both ({{ value }})`
})
export class OtherBothComponent {

Demo plunker contains examples of all three.

Is [attributeName="attributeValue"] supported?

Yes. But mind the quotes. In the current implementation, the selector [attributeName="attributeValue"] actually matches <sometag attributeName=""attributeValue"">, so test around before committing to this approach.