Not possible at the moment without forking the whole chromium project. See bug report #50913 (Status: WontFix).
Possible workarounds:
- If you right click on a tab you can
Pin Tab. This will remove the close button but you can still close it with ctrl+w. Unfortunately, this will also remove the window title. - The close button is removed if the width of the tab gets very small.
Have a look at the same question on SuperUser: How to disable the close (X) button on Google Chrome tabs?.
Maybe you like to look at the source code of Chromium and fix this? I think you have to start here: tab.cc.