This has become a popular question so I thought I add an explicit answer how to (at least) temporarily fix the problem as already stated in the question:
I stop Visual Studio and delete the following folder (completely, not just contents)
%LocalAppData%\Microsoft\VisualStudio\12.0\ComponentModelCache
If you are using VS2015, then the path should be:
%LocalAppData%\Microsoft\VisualStudio\14.0\ComponentModelCache
If you are using VS2017, then the path should be:
%LocalAppData%\Microsoft\VisualStudio\15.0\ComponentModelCache
I don’t keep a backup of the folder. It is created automatically again when starting Visual Studio.
I have never found a solution how to permanently fix the problem in that working environment. In my new developing environment (new projects and new workplace) the problem never happens.