Bojangles comment got me in the right direction, so I’ll answer my own question.
Using the ‘xs’ size grid columns, which according to http://getbootstrap.com/css/#grid-options is for “Extra small devices Phones (<768px)”, Bootstrap happily prints as expected.
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-6">Column1</div>
<div class="col-xs-6">Column2</div>
</div>
</div>