Is there an equivalent of python’s virtualenv for C/C++ programs?

You can use tools below:

• conan virtual environment (https://blog.conan.io/2016/08/04/Conan-virtual-environments-Manage-your-C-and-C++-tools.html)
• conda virtual environment (https://docs.conda.io/projects/conda/en/latest/user-guide/tasks/manage-environments.html)
• docker container