The issue is that redis is “variable” that will be interpolated in the Dockerfile.
ENV REDIS_URL redis:6379
But the Redis URL should start with the literal redis.
So, the fix is updating the docker compose:
redis_db:
image: redis:3.2.8
The desired config is:
REDIS_URL=redis://redis_db:6379
Thanks to BMitch and Andy Shinn for helping me figure this out.