There is a great trick to calculate the absolute value of a 2s-complement integer without using an if statement. The theory goes, if the value is negative you want to toggle the bits and add one, otherwise you want to pass the bits through as is. A XOR 1 happens to toggle A and A XOR 0 happens to leave A intact. So you want do something like this:
uint32_t temp = value >> 31; // make a mask of the sign bit
value ^= temp; // toggle the bits if value is negative
value += temp & 1; // add one if value was negative
In principle, you can do it in as few as three assembly instructions (without a branch). And you’d like to think that the abs() function that you get with math.h does it optimally.
No branches == better performance. Contrary to @paxdiablo’s response above, this really matters in deep pipelines where the more branches you have in your code, the more likely you are to have your branch predictor get it wrong and have to roll-back, etc. If you avoid branching where possible, things will keep moving along at full throttle in your core :).