You can’t. There are certain CSS features, like @media queries, that must be defined in a declaration block in a stylesheet.
While inline CSS is great for most styling attributes that can be applied in key-value pairs, it isn’t a complete replacement for dedicated stylesheets.
EDIT:
There are experimental objects available in certain browsers (Chrome 9+, IE 10+, Firefox 6+) that allow you to add event listeners when media queries on the document change, such as MediaQueryList.
There is a nascent React project called Radium that provides mixins for applying conditional styling based on the active media queries, using MediaQueryList under the hood.