Many colorschemes are designed for 256 colors, which is significantly better than a standard 8 color terminal. To make that work, you need $TERM set to a 256 color terminal like xterm-256color.
If you have a 256 color capable terminal (looks like you do from your screenshot if that is Gnome Terminal), set the $TERM to xterm-256color and enable 256 colors in your vimrc with something like:
if $TERM == "xterm-256color"
set t_Co=256
endif
The Vim wiki has some tips on setting the correct $TERM for different terminal emulators. The easiest way to test this out quickly is to do
TERM=xterm-256color vim
This will not make colorschemes designed for GUI vim fully compatible with terminal Vim, but will make 256-color colorschemes work, and those are a giant improvement over the standard 8 color colorschemes.