What tools are available to test JobScheduler?

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Right.
Henning and P4u144 set me on the right track to answer this in more detail.

Identify all registered jobs

Identify your task with the adb shell dumpsys jobscheduler command.
This will give you a huge output in following categories.

  • Settings
  • Registered XX Jobs
  • Connectivity
  • Alarms
  • Idle
  • Battery
  • AppIdle
  • Content
  • Job history
  • Pending queue

The category you are most likely to be interested in is Registered XX Jobs. This tells you how many jobs have been scheduled on the device.
For example, your packagename is com.foo.bar.application you should see an entry like this:

JOB #u0a93/17: eec3709 com.foo.bar.application/com.evernote.android.job.v21.PlatformJobService
    u0a93 tag=*job*/com.foo.bar.application/com.evernote.android.job.v21.PlatformJobService
    Source: uid=u0a93 user=0 pkg=com.foo.bar.application
    JobInfo:
      Service: com.foo.bar.application/com.evernote.android.job.v21.PlatformJobService
      PERIODIC: interval=+15m0s0ms flex=+5m0s0ms
      PERSISTED
      Requires: charging=false deviceIdle=false
      Network type: 2
      Backoff: policy=1 initial=+30s0ms
      Has early constraint
      Has late constraint
    Required constraints: TIMING_DELAY DEADLINE UNMETERED
    Satisfied constraints: CONNECTIVITY NOT_ROAMING APP_NOT_IDLE DEVICE_NOT_DOZING
    Unsatisfied constraints: TIMING_DELAY DEADLINE UNMETERED
    Earliest run time: 07:23
    Latest run time: 12:23
    Ready: false (job=false pending=false active=false user=true)

Tip: Use adb shell dumpsys jobscheduler | grep com.foo.bar.application to quickly filter the list.

Now you can easily identify if your job has been registered with the correct criteria.

FireBaseJobdispatcher

If you use FirebaseJobDispatcher lib you can use 

adb shell dumpsys activity service GcmService | grep com.foo.bar.debug
    com.foo.bar.debug:0 v853
    u0|com.foo.bar.debug: 3
    (scheduled) com.foo.bar.debug/com.firebase.jobdispatcher.GooglePlayReceiver{u=0 tag="com.foo.bar.debug.job.FetchArticlesJob" trigger=window{start=10800s,end=11700s,earliest=10448s,latest=11348s} requirements=[NET_UNMETERED,DEVICE_IDLE] attributes=[PERSISTED,RECURRING] scheduled=-351s last_run=N/A jid=N/A status=PENDING retries=0 client_lib=FIREBASE_JOB_DISPATCHER-1}
    (scheduled) com.foo.bar.debug/com.firebase.jobdispatcher.GooglePlayReceiver{u=0 tag="com.foo.bar.debug.job.FetchNotificationGroupsJob" trigger=window{start=86400s,end=129600s,earliest=86048s,latest=129248s} requirements=[NET_CONNECTED,CHARGING] attributes=[PERSISTED,RECURRING] scheduled=-351s last_run=N/A jid=N/A status=PENDING retries=0 client_lib=FIREBASE_JOB_DISPATCHER-1}
    (scheduled) com.foo.bar.debug/com.firebase.jobdispatcher.GooglePlayReceiver{u=0 tag="com.foo.bar.debug.job.RemoveUnusedRealmArticlesJob" trigger=window{start=577980s,end=608400s,earliest=521961s,latest=552381s} requirements=[NET_ANY] attributes=[PERSISTED,RECURRING] scheduled=-56018s last_run=N/A jid=N/A status=PENDING retries=0 client_lib=FIREBASE_JOB_DISPATCHER-1}
    (finished) [com.foo.bar.debug/com.firebase.jobdispatcher.GooglePlayReceiver:com.foo.bar.debug.job.UpdateNotificationGroupJob,u0]
    (finished) [com.foo.bar.debug/com.firebase.jobdispatcher.GooglePlayReceiver:com.foo.bar.debug.job.UpdatePushTokenJob,u0]
    (finished) [com.foo.bar.debug/com.firebase.jobdispatcher.GooglePlayReceiver:com.foo.bar.debug.job.FetchArticlesJob,u0]

to check if your service has been scheduled or run.

Force your task to run

When creating a Job you get a JOB_ID returned.
Use this JOB_ID to force the job to run.
You can do this by using the adb shell cmd jobscheduler run command, (requires Android 7.1 or higher).

For example, your packagename is com.foo.bar.application and the JOB_ID was 1.
You can now run your task via adb 

adb shell cmd jobscheduler run -f com.foo.bar.application 1

Don’t forget the -f option as this forces the job to run even if the restrictions set are not met.

Evernote Android Job Lib

Last but certainly not least.
Use the wonderful library from Evernote for this.
It allows for easy backporting of the JobScheduler on lower API levels using either JobScheduler, GcmNetworkManager or AlarmManager depending on your API level.

Edit 24/08

Even better use the firebase job dispatcher library.

The Firebase JobDispatcher is a library for scheduling background jobs in your Android app. It provides a JobScheduler-compatible API that works on all recent versions of Android (API level 9+) that have Google Play services installed.

I hope this helped.

Thanks

Edit 28/04/2019

Both Evernote Android-Job and Firebase JobDispatcher are now in maintenance only mode and they both suggest to use jetpack’s WorkManager for these kind of jobs.

Edit 10/06/202

Android Jetpack WorkManager made it slightly easier to diagnose.
First you will need to enable diagnostics for your package

adb shell am broadcast -a 'androidx.work.diagnostics.REQUEST_DIAGNOSTICS' -p 'com.foo.bar.application'

After that you can WorkManager will dump information in ADB Logcat which you can observe by entering. 

adb logcat

Or via Android Studio Logcat tool window

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