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Welcome to JavaScript 🙂
Let me give you a short description and one feature that most developers spend some time with.
bower
Focuses on packages that are used in the browser. Each bower install <packagename> points to exactly one file to be included for (more can be downloaded). Due to the success of webpack, browserify and babel it’s mostly obsolete as a first class dependency manager.
2018 Update: bower is mostly deprecated in favour of NPM
npm
Historically focuses on NodeJS code but has overthrown bower for browser modules. Don’t let anyone fool you: NPM is huge. NPM also loads MANY files into your project and a fresh npm install is always a good reason to brew a new cup of coffee. NPM is easy to use but can break your app when changing environments due to the loose way of referencing versions and the arbitrariness of module publishing. Research Shrink Wrap and npm install --save-exact
2018 Update: NPM grew up! Lot’s of improvements regarding safety and reproducibility have been implemented.
grunt
Facilitates task automation. Gulps older and somewhat more sluggish brother. The JavaScript community used to hang out with him in 2014 a lot. Grunt is already considered legacy in some places but there is still a great amount of really powerful automation to be found. Configuration can be a nightmare for larger use-cases. There is a grunt module for that though.
2018 Update: grunt is mostly obsolete. Easy to write webpack configurations have killed it.
gulp
Does the same thing as grunt but is faster.
npm run-script
You might not need task runners at all. NodeJS scripts are really easy to write so most use-cases allow for customizedtask-automation workflow. Run scripts from the context of your package.json file using npm run-script
webpack
Don’t miss out on webpack. Especially if you feel lost on the many ways of writing JavaScript into coherent modular code. Webpack packages .js files into modules and does so splendidly. Webpack is highly extensible and offers a good development environment too: webpack-dev-server
Use in conjunction with babel for the best possible JavaScript experience to date.
Yeoman
Scaffolding. Extremly valuable for teams with different backgrounds as it provides a controllable common ground for your projects architecture. There even is a scaffolding for scaffolds.