Note: This answer covers several versions of Chrome, scroll to see v52, v48, v46, v43 and v42 each with their updated changes.
Chrome v52+:
- Open the Developer Tools (Windows: F12 or Ctrl+Shift+I, Mac: Cmd+Opt+I)
- Click the Customize and control DevTools hamburger menu button and choose More tools > Rendering settings (or Rendering in newer versions).
- Check the Emulate print media checkbox at the Rendering tab and select the Print media type.
Chrome v48+ (Thanks Alex for noticing):
- Open the Developer Tools (CTRLSHIFTI or F12)
- Click the Toggle device mode button in the left top corner (CTRLSHIFTM).
- Make sure the console is shown by clicking Show console in menu at (1) (ESC key toggles the console if Developer Toolbar has focus).
- Check Emulate print media at the rendering tab which can be opened by selecting Rendering in menu at (2).
Chrome v46+:
- Open the Developer Tools (CTRLSHIFTI or F12)
- Click the Toggle device mode button in the left top corner (1).
- Make sure the console is shown by clicking the menu button (2) > Show console (3) or pressing the ESC key to toggle the console (only works when Developer Toolbar has the focus).
- Open the Emulation (4) > Media (5) tabs, check CSS media and select print (3).
Chrome v43+:
- The drawer icon at step 2 has changed.
Chrome v42:
- Open the Developer Tools (CTRLSHIFTI or F12)
- Click the Toggle device mode button in the left top corner (1).
- Make sure the drawer is shown by clicking the Show drawer button (2) or pressing the ESC key to toggle the drawer.
- Under Emulation > Media check CSS media and select print (3).