This is not exactly an equivalent, but it can be helpful, so I would mention it.
There is a much simpler way actually, which is to navigate backward (Ctrl+-). Even if the file is closed, VS opens up the file in a new tab. Of course this is useful only in opening the closed tab immediately after you have closed the tab (ie, if you haven’t navigated anywhere else much).
Update:
This is now possible in VS 17.3. By using the Ctrl+K, Ctrl+Z keyboard shortcut, or navigating to the menu item under Window > Restore Closed Tab. Reference: https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/visual-studio-2022-17-3-is-now-available/