It looks like you are either using directConnect or launching with a local driver provider (not having seleniumAddress or directConnect) in your configuration file. You need to run webdriver-manager update.
Previously I had extra flags to not download standalone or gecko with webdriver-manager update --standalone false --gecko false. This is no longer the case if you are starting via a local driver provider. You will need the selenium standalone jar file.
You could run this with a script in package.json. Something like:
"scripts": {
"webdriver-update": "webdriver-manager update"
}
Then execute this with: npm run webdriver-update. How do you check if the binaries are there? In your project, navigate to node_modules/protractor/node_modules/webdriver-manager/selenium/. This is where the update-config.json and your downloaded binaries are located.