I must (partially) disagree with the other comments that it is not a Qt question: There is a Qt method QCoreApplication::applicationFilePath() which gives the directory+filename of the executable.
On Linux this will try to use /proc, and on Windows perhaps GetModuleFileName(). According to the docs it will fall back to argv[0].
You could then use QFileInfo to split it into an executable name and a directory.
QFileInfo(QCoreApplication::applicationFilePath()).fileName()