This is exact use case for oe-pkgdata-util script and its subcommand find-path. That script is part of openembedded-core.
See this example (executed in OE build environment, i.e. bitbake works):
tom@pc:~/oe/build> oe-pkgdata-util find-path /lib/ld-2.24.so
glibc: /lib/ld-2.24.so
You can clearly see that this library belongs to glibc recipe.
oe-pkgdata-util has more useful subcommands to see information about packages and recipes, it worth to check the --help.