Turns out the answer was hiding in plain sight on Sphinx’s TOC tree page:
The special entry name
self
stands for the document containing the toctree directive. This is useful if you want to generate a “sitemap” from the toctree.
Adding self
to the TOC tree did the trick perfectly! And if you place it in a separate, hidden toctree directive, it won’t show up on the homepage’s table of contents either:
.. toctree::
:hidden:
self
.. toctree::
:titlesonly:
installation
templating/index