How can I find the list of field selectors supported by kubectl for a given resource type?

The issue in your case is that you mistakenly use status.succeeded instead of status.successful, so right command is

kubectl delete jobs.batch --field-selector status.successful==1
No resources found

Regarding your question about all the fields: my suggestion is to deep into the code and search for proper resources types in conversion.go for each API.

Example:
Batch Jobs conversion.go

    return scheme.AddFieldLabelConversionFunc(SchemeGroupVersion.WithKind("Job"),
        func(label, value string) (string, string, error) {
            switch label {
            case "metadata.name", "metadata.namespace", "status.successful":
                return label, value, nil
            default:
                return "", "", fmt.Errorf("field label %q not supported for batchv1.Job", label)
            }
        },
    )
}