Not sure when this became supported but tried this in ASP.NET Core 2.0 with Hangfire 1.7.0. The following code schedules a job every 20 seconds:
RecurringJob.AddOrUpdate<SomeJob>(
x => x.DoWork(),
"*/20 * * * * *");
If I am not mistaken 6 tokens (as opposed to standard 5 tokens) is supported due to Hangfire use of NCrontab which allows cron expressions with 6 tokens (second granularity instead of minute granularity).
Hangfire dashboard also nicely shows the small time interval between runs: