No, it’s not possible.
(Disclaimer: your syntax works and does both destructuring and returning, but it is equivalent to
({ id, name, price } = newItem); // assigns global variables
return newItem;
which is probably not what you wanted)
To do what you want (which I assume is creating a new object), you need to use an object literal (potentially with shorthand property notation). See also One-liner to take some properties from object in ES 6:
const mapStateToProps = ({newItem: {id, name, price}}) => ({id, name, price});