Does Rust have an equivalent to Python’s list comprehension syntax?

You can just use iterators:

fn main() {
    let v1 = (0u32..9).filter(|x| x % 2 == 0).map(|x| x.pow(2)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let v2 = (1..10).filter(|x| x % 2 == 0).collect::<Vec<u32>>();

    println!("{:?}", v1); // [0, 4, 16, 36, 64]
    println!("{:?}", v2); // [2, 4, 6, 8]
}