does angular have the “computed property” feature like in vue.js?

While this is already answered but I think this is not very good answer and users should not use getters as computed properties in angular. Why you may ask? getter is just sugar syntax for function and it will be compiled to plain function, this means that it will be executed on every change detection check. This is terrible for performance because property is recomputed hundred of times on any change.

Take a look at this example: https://plnkr.co/edit/TQMQFb?p=preview

@Component({
    selector: 'cities-page',
    template: `
        <label>Angular computed properties are bad</label>

        <ng-select [items]="cities"
                   bindLabel="name"
                   bindValue="id"
                   placeholder="Select city"
                   [(ngModel)]="selectedCityId">
        </ng-select>
        <p *ngIf="hasSelectedCity">
            Selected city ID: {{selectedCityId}}
        </p>
        <p><b>hasSelectedCity</b> is recomputed <b [ngStyle]="{'font-size': calls + 'px'}">{{calls}}</b> times</p>
    `
})
export class CitiesPageComponent {
    cities: NgOption[] = [
        {id: 1, name: 'Vilnius'},
        {id: 2, name: 'Kaunas'},
        {id: 3, name: 'Pabradė'}
    ];
    selectedCityId: any;

    calls = 0;

    get hasSelectedCity() {
      console.log('hasSelectedCity is called', this.calls);
      this.calls++;
      return !!this.selectedCityId;
    }
}

If you really want to have computed properties you can use state container like mobx

class TodoList {
    @observable todos = [];
    @computed get unfinishedTodoCount() {
        return this.todos.filter(todo => !todo.finished).length;
    }
}

mobx has @computed decorator so getter property will be cached and recalculated only when needed