Can range-based C++11 for do/check extra operations/conditions?

Unfortunately, you can’t put the increment into the range based for loop. However, in your specific case – as std::vector stores its elements contigously in memory – you can simulate option 2 by falling back to pointers (thanks to @M.M and @Jarod42 for corrections and improvements):

for ( const int& val : v )  {
    std::cout << "v at index " << &val-v.data() << " is " << val; 
}

more generic:

for ( const auto& val : v )  {
    std::cout << "v at index " << std::addressof(val)-v.data() << " is " << val; 
}

The other thing you can do is to write a index_range class, that represents a collections of indexes over which you can iterate in your range based for loop:

struct index_range_it {
    size_t idx;
    size_t operator*(){
        return idx;
    }
    index_range_it& operator++() {
        idx++;
        return (*this);
    }
};

bool operator!=(index_range_it l,index_range_it r) {
    return l.idx != r.idx;
}

struct index_range {
    size_t size;
    index_range_it end(){return index_range_it{size};}
    index_range_it begin(){return index_range_it{0};}
};

int main()
{
    for (auto i: index_range{v.size()}){
        std::cout << "v at index " << i << " is " << v[i]; 
    }        
}

A full fledged implementation of this idea can be found e.g. here

Such a range can then also be composed to something, where the iterator returns a proxy object containing the index as well as a reference to the current object and with c++17’s structured binding that would be even more convenient to use.