Simply: NO
Longer: YES, BUT
When you create ordered list in Markdown it is parsed to HTML ordered list, i.e.:
# Table of Contents
0. Item 0
1. Item 1
2. Item 2
Will create:
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<ol>
<li>Item 0</li>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
</ol>
So as you can see, there is no data about starting number. If you want to start at certain number, unfortunately, you have to use pure HTML and write:
<ol start="0">
<li>Item 0</li>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
</ol>