Update for Angular version 9
The source files have been moved but you can still debug this way if you do the following steps
- In devtools, select the sources tab
- Press CTRL + P
- Type in the name of the file you want to debug

Valid for versions below 9
The other answers are completely valid answers but having been using Angular for around 18 months now I tend to do it in the browser – chrome tools!
Run ng test then f12 and find the spec file via the webpack context. Add a breakpoint(s) and refresh and it will hit said breakpoints. As per screenshot