It’s 2018 and I just had a similar problem. The solution for me seemed to be with the order of props to docker. e.g. this resulted in no port being exposed;
docker run -d --name posttest postgres:alpine -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=fred -p 5432:5432
while this worked fine (image exposed port 5432 as expected);
docker run --name posttest -d -p 5432:5432 -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=fred postgres:alpine