This matrix (V8 follows the WebKit column fairly closely) seems to pretty well answer the question “what features can I use?” but I can’t find a canonical answer to “what version of javascript is supported?” As far as I can tell, the best answer is this: ECMA-262 3rd edition is supported, but many features of the 5th edition are also supported.
There’s a good explanation of why V8 follows the WebKit and JavaScriptCore functionality on this thread.