Use the type function:
type
The type function returns the type of its argument as a string,
which is one of null, boolean, number, string, array or object.
Example 1:
echo '[0, false, [], {}, null, "hello"]' | jq 'map(type)'
[
"number",
"boolean",
"array",
"object",
"null",
"string"
]
Example 2:
echo '[0,1]' | jq 'if type=="array" then "yes" else "no" end'
"yes"
Example 3:
echo '{"0":0,"1":1}' | jq 'if type=="array" then "yes" else "no" end'
"no"