It looks like the options have changed slightly in recent versions.

To use the filter input sources, you have to:

1. Set the input format to the libavfilter virtual device using: -f lavfi
2. Set the filter input source using the -i flag (not -vf)
3. Provide arguments as complete key-value pairs, like: color=color=red

This works for ffplay, too, to test your filtergraph: ffplay -f lavfi -i color

Examples

In these examples I’ve added -t 30 to specify that I only want 30 seconds of output.

Color (Red)

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i color=color=red -t 30 red.mp4
                     ^     ^    ^
                     |     |    |
                   filter key value

The key can be shortened to its abbreviated form: -i color=c=red

SMPTE Color Bars Pattern

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i smptebars -t 30 smpte.mp4

Test Source Pattern

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i testsrc -t 30 -pix_fmt yuv420p testsrc.mp4

In order for this to playback reliably, you might need to set the pixel format with: -pix_fmt yuv420p

By default, ffmpeg will use yuv444p (x264, High 4:4:4 Predictive), which some players aren’t yet able to decode.

For instance, the video it creates is crashing VLC 2.0.7 and is just 30 seconds of black in QuickTime Player 10.2 (Mac OS X 10.8.4).

More info on test source here.

RGB Test Source

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i rgbtestsrc -pix_fmt yuv420p -t 30 rgbtestsrc.mp4

As with the last example, this might not work for you unless you set the pixel format to yuv420p as shown.

For posterity, here’s the version I’m using:

ffmpeg version 1.2.1
libavutil      52. 18.100 / 52. 18.100
libavcodec     54. 92.100 / 54. 92.100
libavformat    54. 63.104 / 54. 63.104
libavdevice    54.  3.103 / 54.  3.103
libavfilter     3. 42.103 /  3. 42.103
libswscale      2.  2.100 /  2.  2.100
libswresample   0. 17.102 /  0. 17.102
libpostproc    52.  2.100 / 52.  2.100