UPDATE: Android Studio 3.0 Beta 3
With the following list of bug fixes:

Seems like this issue is already gone. After Updating from 3.0 Beta 2 to 3.0 Beta 3, I don’t have to manually clean the project.
UPDATE: Android Studio 3.0 Beta 2
From the official Android Studio 3.0 Beta 2 known issues:
If you have an existing Android Studio project that’s
using an alpha version of Android plugin 3.0.0 (such as 3.0.0-alpha9),
you may get the following error when you migrate to Android plugin
3.0.0-beta1 (or higher) and sync your project: Gradle project refresh failed.
Resolve this issue by selecting Build > Clean Project from the menu bar.
