I see the same problem with your sample file. It looks like ImageMagick’s delegates for the PDF conversion may have changed with the new install.
If you try convert -verbose foo.pdf foo.jpeg, do you see -sDEVICE=pngalpha in the command that gets sent to gs? The pnmraw device has been used in the past, and switching back to that seems to fix the problem for me.
In ImageMagick’s delegates.xml file (which may be in /etc/ImageMagick, but could be somewhere else depending on your setup), look for the decode="ps:alpha" delegate line and change -sDEVICE=pngalpha in the command to -sDEVICE=pnmraw. (You can probably just search for pngalpha in the file.)