Here are some one-liner alternatives:
# Ruby 2.1+
name_to_code = countries.map{ |c| [c.name,c.code] }.to_h
# Ruby 1.8.7+
name_to_code = Hash[ countries.map{ |c| [c.name,c.code] } ]
# Ruby 1.8.6+
name_to_code = Hash[ *countries.map{ |c| [c.name,c.code] }.flatten ]
# Ruby 1.9+
name_to_code = {}.tap{ |h| countries.each{ |c| h[c.name] = c.code } }
# Ruby 1.9+
name_to_code = countries.to_a.each_with_object({}){ |c,h| h[c.name] = c.code }
Courtesy of @Addicted’s comment below:
# Ruby 1.8+
name_to_code = countries.inject({}){ |r,c| r.merge c.name=>c.code }