Should I use polymorphism in javascript?

As said, JavaScript is a dynamic typed language based on prototypal inheritance, so you can’t really use the same approach of typed languages. A JS version of what you wrote, could be:

function Shape(){
  throw new Error("Abstract class")
}

Shape.prototype.printSurface = function () {
  throw new Error ("Not implemented");
}

function Rect() {
  // constructor;
}

Rect.prototype = Object.create(Shape.prototype);
Rect.prototype.printSurface = function() {
  // Rect implementation
}

function Circle() {
  // constructor;
}

Circle.prototype = Object.create(Shape.prototype);
Circle.prototype.printSurface = function() {
  // Circle implementation
}

Then, in your app:

var obj = new Circle();

if (obj instanceof Shape) {
    // do something with a shape object
}

Or, with duck typing:

if ("printSurface" in obj)
    obj.printSurface();

// or

if (obj.printSurface)
    obj.printSurface();

// or a more specific check
if (typeof obj.printSurface === "function")
    obj.printSurface();

You cold also have Shape as object without any constructor, that it’s more “abstract class” like:

var Shape = {
    printSurface : function () {
        throw new Error ("Not implemented");
    }
}

function Rect() {
  // constructor;
}

Rect.prototype = Object.create(Shape);
Rect.prototype.printSurface = function() {
  // Rect implementation
}

function Circle() {
  // constructor;
}

Circle.prototype = Object.create(Shape);
Circle.prototype.printSurface = function() {
  // Circle implementation
}

Notice that in this case, you can’t use instanceof anymore, so or you fallback to duck typing or you have to use isPrototypeOf, but is available only in recent browsers:

if (Shape.isPrototypeOf(obj)) {
    // do something with obj
}

Object.create is not available in browser that doesn’t implement ES5 specs, but you can easily use a polyfill (see the link).