You may use:
SELECT last_value FROM sequence_name;
Update:
this is documented in the CREATE SEQUENCE statement:
Although you cannot update a sequence directly, you can use a query
like:SELECT * FROM name;
to examine the parameters and current state of a
sequence. In particular, the last_value field of the sequence shows
the last value allocated by any session. (Of course, this value might
be obsolete by the time it’s printed, if other sessions are actively
doing nextval calls.)