UPDATE: This functionality was removed in Issue #2479 in Oct, 2019
You can run the Azure DevOps agent locally with its YAML testing feature.
- From the microsoft/azure-pipelines-agent project, to install an agent on your local machine.
- Then use the docs page on Run local (internal only) to access the feature that is available within the agent.
This should get you very close to the type of feedback you would expect.