How can I get a message bundle string from inside a managed bean?

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You can get the full qualified bundle name of <message-bundle> by Application#getMessageBundle(). You can get the current locale by UIViewRoot#getLocale(). You can get a ResourceBundle out of a full qualified bundle
name and the locale by ResourceBundle#getBundle().

So, summarized:

FacesContext facesContext = FacesContext.getCurrentInstance();
String messageBundleName = facesContext.getApplication().getMessageBundle();
Locale locale = facesContext.getViewRoot().getLocale();
ResourceBundle bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle(messageBundleName, locale);
// ...

Update: as per the mistake in the question, you actually want to get the bundle which is identified by the <base-name> of <resource-bundle>. This is unfortunately not directly available by a standard JSF API. You’ve either to hardcode the same base name in the code and substitute the messageBundleName in the above example with it, or to inject it as a managed property on <var> in a request scoped bean:

@ManagedProperty("#{msg}")
private ResourceBundle bundle; // +setter

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