Are you constrained to a flat plane? If you can move to 3D, then you can use the Fibonacci Spiral to generate an arbitrary number of equidistant points on a sphere. There’s a really nice processing sketch of this at work at http://www.openprocessing.org/sketch/41142 (with the code to go with it). The image below shows what it looks like. One benefit is that you automatically get the ‘wrapping’ included.
If you have to stick to 2D, then you could try the above followed by a spherical to planar projection that preserves the mapping. This may be a bit more complicated than you’re looking for though…