You are using the wrong image which doesn’t have the rabbitmq_management plugin enabled. Change rabbitmq:latest to rabbitmq:management.
On dockerhub they are using the command:
docker run -d --hostname my-rabbit --name some-rabbit rabbitmq:3-management
If you want to go to the UI on localhost:15672 make sure to expose the port by adding -p 15672:15672 to the above command.
The management image is just the rabbitmq latest image with the management plugin enabled. Here is the dockerfile for rabbitmq:management
FROM rabbitmq
RUN rabbitmq-plugins enable --offline rabbitmq_management
EXPOSE 15671 15672